Features of the Structure of the Carpathian Flysch and Modern Methods for Assessing Its Physical and Mechanical Properties
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Abstract
The Carpathian flysch is a complex geological formation characterized by alternating layers of sandstone, aleurolite, and clayey shale, significant fracturing, and anisotropy of mechanical properties. These features substantially influence the formation of geological processes, including slope stability assessment, bearing capacity determination, and the likelihood of landslide deformations. Studying the physical and mechanical parameters of flysch is an important task, as they determine the behavior of rocks under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.
This paper analyzes modern methods for evaluating the mechanical characteristics of the Carpathian flysch, which include laboratory and field studies. Field methods (SPT, CPTu, pressuremeter tests, rock dilatometers, geophysical studies) allow for the assessment of soil resistance, strength parameters, and other important characteristics directly in their natural state. The paper explores the possibility of conducting dynamic and static probing in the Carpathian flysch conditions. Geophysical methods, including seismic-acoustic testing, electrical resistivity, and ground-penetrating radar studies, provide information about the possible size of the degraded zone, indirect assessment of the strength and fracturing of rocks at significant depths. Laboratory studies (unconfined compression, shear tests) provide a detailed analysis of structural features and the material’s behavior under various loads.
Special attention is given to numerical modeling of the mechanical behavior of flysch. The paper discusses the main numerical models that can be applied to model flysch rocks, including linear-elastic, elastic-plastic, hypoplastic, and models that account for anisotropy. The advantages of using anisotropic material models are considered, as they allow for a more accurate assessment of the influence of layering orientation on the strength and deformation properties of flysch.
As a result, it can be concluded that a comprehensive approach combining laboratory, field methods, and numerical modeling is the most effective for assessing the mechanical characteristics of flysch. The obtained data can be used for slope stability forecasting, stabilization measures development, and engineering structure design in regions with flysch deposits.
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Rossi, M., & Brambilla, L. (2018). Lithological characteristics and engineering properties of flysch deposits in the Northern Apennines, Italy. Journal of Engineering Geology.
García, L., & Fernández, M. (2020). Mechanical behavior of flysch rocks: A case study from the Pyrenees. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.
Kováčik, J., & Kováč, P. (2016). Landslides in flysch zones of the Western Carpathians. Geographia Slovaca.
Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C. T., & Corkum, B. (2002). Hoek-Brown failure criterion – 2002 edition. In Proceeding of the 5th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium (Vol. 1, pp. 267–273). Toronto, Canada.
Rocscience Inc. (n.d.). Rocscience software documentation. Rocscience. Retrieved from https://www.rocscience.com.